Adze a Tool For Working Wood

An adze (or adz) is a woodworking tool, one of several tools used in ancient times to perform carpentry tasks. Archaeological evidence suggests that the first Neolithic farmers used adzes for everything from felling trees to shaping and assembling wooden architecture such as roof timbers, as well as constructing furniture, boxes for two- and four-wheeled vehicles, and walls for subterranean wells.   Other essential tools for the ancient and modern carpenter include axes, chisels, saws, gouges, and rasps. Woodworking toolkits vary widely from culture to culture and time to time: the earliest adzes date from the Middle Stone Age period of about 70,000 years ago, and were part of a generalized hunting toolkit.   Adzes can be made of a wide variety of materials: ground or polished stone, flaked stone, shell, animal bone, and metal (typically copper, bronze, iron).   Defining Adzes Adzes are generally defined in the archaeological literature as distinct from axes on several bases. Axes are for hewing trees; adzes for shaping wood. Axes are set in a handle such that the working edge is parallel to the handle; the working edge of an adze is set to be  perpendicular to the handle.   Adzes are bifacial tools with a pronounced asymmetry: they are plano-convex in cross-section. Adzes have a domed upper side and a flat bottom, often with a distinct bevel towards the cutting edge. In contrast, axes are generally symmetrical, with biconvex cross sections. The working edges on both flaked stone types are wider than one inch (2 centimeters).  Ã‚   Similar tools with working edges of less than an inch are generally classified as chisels, which can have varied cross sections (lenticular, plano-convex, triangular). Identifying Adzes Archaeologically Without the handle, and despite the literature defining adzes as plano-convex in shape, it can be difficult to distinguish adzes from axes, because in the real world, the artifacts are not bought in a Home Depot but made for a specific purpose and perhaps sharpened or used for another purpose. A series of techniques have been created to ameliorate, but as yet not resolve, this issue. These techniques include:   Use-wear: the examination by macroscopic and microscopic techniques of the working edges of a tool to identify striations and nicks that have accumulated over its use-life and may be compared to experimental examples.  Plant residue analysis: the recovery of microscopic organic leavings including pollen, phytoliths, and stable isotopes from whatever plant was being worked.  Traceology: the examination by macroscopic and microscopic techniques of well-preserved pieces of wood to identify marks left behind by the woodworking process.   All of these methods rely on experimental archaeology, reproducing stone tools and using them to work wood to identify a pattern which might be expected on ancient relics.   Earliest Adzes Adzes are among the earliest type of stone tool identified in the archaeological record and recorded regularly in Middle Stone Age Howiesons Poort sites such as Boomplaas Cave, and Early Upper Paleolithic sites throughout Europe and Asia. Some scholars argue for the presence of proto-adzes in some Lower Paleolithic site—that is, invented by our hominid ancestors Homo erectus. Upper Paleolithic In the Upper Paleolithic of the Japanese islands, adzes are part of a trapezoid technology, and the make up a fairly small portion of the assemblages at such sites as the Douteue site in Shizuoka prefecture. Japanese archaeologist Takuya Yamoaka reported on obsidian adzes as part of hunting toolkits on sites dated approximately 30,000 years ago (BP). The Douteue site stone trapezoid assemblages as a whole were basally hafted and heavily used, before being left behind broken and discarded. Flaked and groundstone adzes are also regularly recovered from Upper Paleolithic sites in Siberia and other places in the Russian Far East (13,850–11,500 cal BP), according to archaeologists Ian Buvit and Terry Karisa. They make up small but important parts of hunter-gatherer toolkits.   Dalton Adzes Dalton adzes are flaked stone tools from Early Archaic Dalton (10,500–10,000 BP/12,000-11,500 cal BP) sites in the central United States. An experimental study on them by U.S. archaeologists Richard Yerkes and Brad Koldehoff found that the Dalton adzes were a new tool form introduced by Dalton. They are very common on Dalton sites, and usewear studies show they were heavily used, made, hafted, resharpened, and recycled in a similar fashion by several groups.   Yerkes and Koldehoff suggest that at the transition period between the Pleistocene and Holocene, changes in climate, particularly in hydrology and landscape, created a need and desire for river travel. Although neither Dalton wooden tools or dugout canoes from this period have survived, the heavy use of the adzes identified in the technological and microwear analysis indicates they were used for felling trees and likely manufacturing canoes.   Neolithic Evidence for Adzes While wood-working—specifically making wooden tools—is clearly very old, the processes of clearing woods, building structures, and making furniture and dugout canoes are part of the European Neolithic set of skills that were required for the successful migration from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture.   A series of Neolithic wooden-walled wells dated to the Linearbandkeramik period of central Europe have been found and intensively studied. Wells are particularly useful for the study of traceology, because water-logging is known to preserve wood.   In 2012, German archaeologists Willy Tegel and colleagues reported evidence for a sophisticated level of carpentry at Neolithic sites. Four very well-preserved eastern German wooden well walls dated between 5469–5098 BCE provided Tegel and colleagues an opportunity to identify refined carpentry skills by scanning high-resolution images and producing computer models. They found that early Neolithic carpenters built sophisticated corner joins and log constructions, using a series of stone adzes to cut and trim the timber. Bronze Age Adzes A 2015 study on Bronze Age use of a copper ore deposit called Mitterberg in Austria used a very detailed traceology study to reconstruct woodworking tools. Austrian archaeologists Kristà ³f Kovà ¡cs and Klaus Hanke used a combination of laser scanning and photogrammetric documentation on a well-preserved sluice box found at Mitterberg, dated to the 14th century BCE by dendrochronology.   The photo-realistic images of the 31 wooden objects that made up the sluice box were then scanned for tool mark recognition, and the researchers used a workflow segmentation process combined with experimental archaeology to determine that the box was created using four different hand tools: two adzes, an axe, and a chisel to complete the joining.   Adzes Takeaways An adze is one of several woodworking tools used in prehistoric times to fell trees and construct furniture, boxes for two- and four-wheeled vehicles, and walls for subterranean wells.  Adzes were made of a variety of materials, shell, bone, stone and metal, but typically have a domed upper side and a flat bottom, often with a distinct bevel towards the cutting edge.The earliest adzes in the world date to the Middle Stone Age period in South Africa, but they became much more important in the Old World at the time of the emergence of agriculture; and in Eastern North America, to respond to climate change at the end of the Pleistocene.   Sources Bentley, R. Alexander, et al. Community Differentiation and Kinship among Europes First Farmers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109.24 (2012): 9326–30. Print. Blà ¡ha, J. Historic Traceology as a Complex Tool for the Discovery of Lost Construction Skills and Techniques. WIT Transactions on The Built Environment 131 (2013): 3–13. Print. Buvit, Ian, and Karisa Terry. The Twilight of Paleolithic Siberia: Humans and Their Environments East of Lake Baikal at the Late-Glacial/Holocene Transition. Quaternary International 242.2 (2011): 379–400. Print. Elburg, Rengert, et al. Field Trials in Neolithic Woodworking – (Re)Learning to Use Early Neolithic Stone Adzes. Experimental Archaeology 2015.2 (2015). Print. Kovà ¡cs, Kristà ³f, and Klaus Hanke. Recovering Prehistoric Woodworking Skills Using Spatial Analysis Techniques 25th International CIPA Symposium. ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2015. Print. Tegel, Willy, et al. Early Neolithic Water Wells Reveal the Worlds Oldest Wood Architecture. PLOS ONE 7.12 (2012): e51374. Print. Yamaoka, Takuya. Use and Maintenance of Trapezoids in the Initial Early Upper Paleolithic of the Japanese Islands. Quaternary International 248.0 (2012): 32–42. Print. Yerkes, Richard W., and Brad H. Koldehoff. New Tools, New Human Niches: The Significance of the Dalton Adze and the Origin of Heavy-Duty Woodworking in the Middle Mississippi Valley of North America. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 50 (2018): 69–84. Print.

Persuasive Analysis Charlie And The Chocolate Factory

Introduction. Charlie and the chocolate factory is quite a popular novel, and due to its popularity, it was made into a movie in 2005.Since then it has been used to teach kids how to write persuasive essays.Now aside from the movie information, I need to say what form of storytelling is better and keeps us more entertained along with the fact this is my opinion.So we can get this persuasive essay train rolling.So after analyzing the film and the novel I have decided that the novel keeps us more engaged, entertained and is more useful to experience.So in that case here are some reasons why. First Body paragraph My first reason that the novel is better than the film.Would be that the novel is a lot more descriptive than the film.For†¦show more content†¦Second body paragraph. My second reason for liking the novel better than the film is.The novel allows you to create an image in your head.So because of that, the novel would let allow you to get a better experience and last you a bit longer to read and process.Therefore it would be more engaging to experience.For example: When we are introduced to the Oompa Loompas the movie portrays them with a reddish plastic suit with some type of logo on the front.(Here is a link to a photo) and because you can’t think of another image when youre watching the film that is all youre stuck with, just that simple image.But on the other hand, when you read the novel Roald Dahl gives a valid description of the Oompa Loompa and when describing described the Oompa Loompa as having:†Golden brown hair†,†Rosy white cheeks† and a â€Å"deerskin slung over his shoulder.†Now when we read this we can imagine whatever we want(Within the confinements of the authors descriptions of course).When yo u read a novel you are also challenging your brain to make sense of what the author has put down.For example, when you are reading about hypnotism or any other complicated subject, Things just happen there is no explanation or reason why it happens(Like the Oompa Loompas dress code) you just have to piece together reasons and explanations in your mind.Which is much healthier than justShow MoreRelatedFeminine Mystique12173 Words   |  49 Pageswomen that soared but also the quality of their jobs. 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Cognitive Therapy For Postpartum Depression - 2496 Words

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Postpartum Depression Postpartum depression (PPD) affects 13% - 19% of postnatal women worldwide (é ¦â„¢Ã¦ ¸ ¯Ã§â€° ¹Ã¥Ë† ¥Ã¨ ¡Å'æ” ¿Ã¥ â‚¬ : è ¡â€ºÃ§â€Å¸Ã§ ½ ²Ã¨ ¡â€ºÃ§â€Å¸Ã©Ëœ ²Ã¨ ­ ·Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã¥ ¿Æ', 2014). The impact of PPD on women, infants and their families is significantly negative and enduring, and imposes a burden on the health-care system (Leung et al., 2013). More awareness and understanding of this mental health problem should be promoted in the general population and among health care providers, families, friends, and new mothers themselves. This paper will discuss on the definition, prevalence, risk factors and consequence of Postpartum Depression, and treatment options with a focus on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Postpartum Mood Disorders Postpartum mood disorders is defined as a spectrum of illness including postpartum blues, postpartum depression and postpartum psychosis. 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Prejudice in To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee and in...

Prejudice can be defined as any preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience, 2. Harm or injury that results or may result from some action or judgment, and due in part to the first Amendment, which gave all Americans the right of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition, many Americans believe they have the right to verbally judge whomever and whatever they seem fit, to no extent. However these same American underestimate the impact prejudice can have on a person’s body and mind because as we all know prejudice grows. Prejudice can also affect all phases of life: the past, the present, and the future. Maya Angelou said, â€Å" Prejudice is a burden that confuses the past, threatens the future and renders the†¦show more content†¦He is told to blend in with the other African Americans, told to address white as if they were superior to him, and he is pressured into not following his dream of being a writer. In the end he path his own pa th, walks his own way, contrary to what he was told. â€Å"I knew that I lived in a country in which the aspirations of black people were limited, marked-off. Yet I felt that I had to go somewhere and do something to redeem my being alive†(Black Boy 209). Today approximately 13. 7 million single parents in America with 82.2% of them being single mothers as told by Time Magazine, these mothers all somewhat attempt to make ends meet even though women earn 30% less money than men. This derives from the lingering opinion that women are less able to conduct work than men or the opinion that women should solely be kept at home as housewives, cooking and cleaning. However, single mothers ranging from Mary Ann Moore, who works 10 hour shifts to help support her four children, to Angel Gordan mother of six who has no job, these women find ways to make ends meet. Women carry in their bodies’ the future minds of America. They labor Page 3 in pain for hours in order to bring life to new sons and daughters of the country, but if women aren’t paid equally these new sons and daughter will not be able to receive all the benefits America offers. Prejudice threatens the future. The story The Awakening by Kate Chopin illustrates a woman named Edna Pontellier who breaks outShow MoreRelatedEssay On Discrimination In To Kill A Mockingbird859 Words   |  4 Pagessomeone is from, they deserve to be treated just like everyone else. Society usually affects natural biases. Influenced by society, prejudice is the theme which prevails, drastically affecting people’s lives in To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee and â€Å"Caged Bird† by Maya Angelou. Isolation, or feeling isolated is an effect of prejudice. In Lee’s To Kill A Mockingbird, Arthur Radley is a character who has never been seen outside of his house for years. Thus, rumors and assumptions about Radley stabbingRead MoreComparative Essay-to Kill a Mockingbird and I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings1065 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish 10 18 November 2012 Response to Literature â€Å"The free bird thinks of another breeze†¦.a caged bird stands on the grave of dreams†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The two literary works â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings† by Maya Angelou and Harper Lee’s â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† can be seen as mockingbirds that have flown over fields of prejudice and repeat what they have seen for all to hear. Jem Finch, a young boy and lawyer’s son from â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† clearly symbolizes a mockingbird because of his youth and innocenceRead MoreLiterary Criticism : The Free Encyclopedia 7351 Words   |  30 Pagesthe Castle of My Skin, by George Lamming (1953)[31] Goodbye, Columbus, by Philip Roth (1959)[32] A Separate Peace, by John Knowles (1959) To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee (1960)[30] Dune, by Frank Herbert (1965)[33] The Outsiders, by S. E. Hinton (1967)[34] A Wizard of Earthsea, by Ursula K. Le Guin (1968)[35] I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, by Maya Angelou (1969) Bless Me, Ultima, by Rudolfo Anaya (1972) The World According to Garp, by John Irving (1978) The Discovery of Slowness, by Sten Nadolny

Book Report on “Babouk” Free Essays

Guy Endore tells the story of the drastic slave history through the eyes of an African – Babouk. He starts by focusing on the cargo of a French slaver during the late years of the eighteenth century. He explores the characteristics of a slave trade through his presentation of the ship and its primary quest. We will write a custom essay sample on Book Report on â€Å"Babouk† or any similar topic only for you Order Now As the ship gets loaded with captured slave at Goree, readers are provided with the concept of how lowly did the early Americans view the African Negroes. The way in which they were â€Å"loaded† to the ship makes the thought of slavery dreadfully equated to the scene of hoarding tools and equipment that will soon be used to gain profits. In general, what makes the story terribly disturbing is the way by which one race maltreats the other because of their difference in color, race, and cultural structures. This was shown when the slaves were stricken with opthalmia during their long, tiring, and devastatingly miserable trip towards San Domingo. During the voyage to the enslaved land, those who failed to meet and satisfy the standards of â€Å"slave eligibility† because of the disabilities that they developed (such as the loss of the sense of sight) were disposed in an inhuman way- being thrown overboard to drown and die. As the slaves reach their unfortunate destination of lifelong enslavement, the story becomes much worse as the once free men take their roles as full-pledged slaves under the rule of â€Å"masters† who treat them disdainfully and without any sign of gratitude and appreciation. However, the drastic enslavement also brings about a positive effect on the part of the Haitians. The slavery drives them to fight. The pain of being treated appallingly and the feeling of being taken away from their home and families eventually evolved into an urge to fight and defend themselves. The slavery of their white fellows transformed them into revolutionaries which eventually became as harsh as they were. Unfortunately, the supposed enlightenment of the slaves ended in their tragic death. Apathy yields indifference In the story of Babouk, readers were provided with a glimpse of how dreadful early Americans treated their potential slaves. In the story, they showed no signs of remorse in what they were doing. They failed to recognize that Africans like Babouk had the same rights and privileges that they enjoyed. They equated their potential slaves in the same way that they treat beasts of burden and tools for trade and profit. They showed no apathy and acted as if the indifference was a normal part of life and living. In effect, they instilled hatred in the heart of their slaves and they promoted the idea that a human being may treat their fellows in an inhuman way, for as long as they can delineate differences in their race and culture. They showed that violence was normal part of societal interaction and that â€Å"survival of the fittest† exists not only in the jungle. In response to this elaborate show of apathy, they harvested nothing but indifference from their revolutionist slaves. The most disturbing demonstration of this sadistic harvest is when Babouk threw a white child on the ground, struck a pike into its innocent and defenseless body, and used it as a banner. Reference: Endore, Guy (1934). â€Å"Babouk†. New York: Vanguard Press How to cite Book Report on â€Å"Babouk†, Papers

“A by John Updike Essay Sample free essay sample

In John Updike’s short narrative. â€Å"A A ; P. † Sammy. the storyteller. tickers three misss one afternoon while he works as a teller in an â€Å"A A ; P† food market shop. The misss are attractive in their Bikini. but clearly they do non affect the shop director. Lengel. who publicly embarrasses them. taking Sammy to discontinue his occupation. In the terminal. no 1 notices his heroic protest. and he starts to worry whether his hereafter will be suffering. I do non believe so ; I believe he makes the right determination. vacating non merely to affect the misss. but besides to arise against the policy-based positions in society. Although he fails to obtain regard from the misss. his determination. his first measure in transforming his unsatisfactory life. may assist him recognize who he is and who he wants to be. Sammy wants to alter his life before he meets the misss ; their reaching seems to trip him to recognize more to the full his dissatisfaction. They demonstrate traits he admires. Their arresting visual aspect triggers his grasp of beauty ; their attention-grabbing ability triggers his desire to be typical ; possibly Queenie’s leading triggers his desire to be himself. As she walks in with â€Å"a sort of dainty face† ( Updike 1493 ) . he explains. â€Å"Walking into the A A ; P†¦I suppose it’s the lone sort of face you can have† ( 1493 ) . While he’s busy watching her wander about. he expounds how â€Å"the store’s reasonably empty. it being Thursday afternoon. so there was nil much to do† ( 1494 ) . He notices she’s different from her two friends. even from her stairss. â€Å"Not this queen† ( 1493 ) . he says several times in his observations. stressing her singularity. When he sees his queen embarrassed by Lengel. he feels he has to stand up and be the â€Å"unsuspected hero† ( 1496 ) . coercing him to do the right determination for himself. Alt hough she does non detect his surrender. he does something with free will. Influenced by the misss. he explains how much he disdains his working environment. including his colleagues and the clients. The A A ; P is located in the â€Å"north of Boston and there’s people in this town haven’t seen the ocean for 20 years† ( 1494 ) . he says reenforcing how uneven it is that three misss come in have oning merely bathing suits. Sammy has a mocking tone to depict his colleague. Stokesie. When Stokesie expresses his grasp for the misss. Sammy explains that â€Å"Stokesie’s married. with two babes chalked up on his fuselage already† ( 1494 ) . He â€Å"thinks he’s traveling to be director some cheery twenty-four hours. possibly in 1990 when it’s called the Great Alexandrov and Petrooshki Tea Company or something† ( 1494 ) . Clearly. Sammy does non expect a hereafter like Stokesie’s. Additionally. he does non esteem the shop director. Lengel. naming him â€Å"pretty dreary. [ and he ] Teachs Sunday school† ( 1495 ) . He â€Å"hides all day† ( 1495 ) in his office â€Å"marked MANAGER† ( 1495 ) . Sammy does non give much regard to the clients either. connoting that they are animate beings: â€Å"†¦I got [ a client ] plumes smoothed† ( 1492 ) and â€Å" [ they are ] like frightened hogs in a chute† ( 1496 ) . Subsequently. he equates the clients with â€Å"sheep† ( 1493 ) . kicking ho w the fifty-year-old â€Å"witch† ( 1492 ) â€Å"starts giving [ him ] hell† ( 1492 ) when he accidently rings an point twice. Though it may seems these ideas come after Sammy sees the misss. the resentful tone reveals how he already dislikes his occupation before he meets the misss. Discontinuing has been rooted in his head for a long clip. Though Sammy â€Å"fe [ ELs ] †¦the universe [ is ] traveling to be [ difficult ] to [ him ] hereafter† ( 1497 ) . his hereafter is now in his ain custodies. Like most immature work forces. Sammy seeks felicity. freedom. an exciting life. If he spends his life behind a registry detecting others. he might neer fulfill his desires. When Queenie explains that she is merely acquiring â€Å"a jar of herring snacks† ( 1495 ) for her female parent. Sammy â€Å"slid [ Es ] right down her voice into her life room. Her male parent and the other work forces were standing about in ice-cream coats and bow ties and the adult females were in sandals picking up herring bites on toothpicks off a large glass home base and they were all keeping drinks the colour of H2O with olives and branchlets of batch in them† ( 1495 ) . Sammy sardonically mocks how his parents â€Å"get lemonade† ( 1495 ) when they â€Å"have person over† ( 1495 ) . even â€Å"if it’s a existent racy matter Schlitz in tall spectacless with ‘They’ll Do It Every Time’ sketchs stenciled on† ( 1495 ) . As Sammy runs out to the parking batch to â€Å"look around for [ his ] girls†¦they’re gone. of course† ( 1496 ) . â€Å"Of class. † Of class. he is cognizant that the misss will non detect his surrender. He quits the occupation for himself. He makes his determination non because â€Å"it seems to [ him ] that one time you begin a gesture its fatal non to travel through with it† ( 1496 ) . but he needs to take action. to interrupt through the coop of imaginativeness. In contrast to Lengel’s â€Å"old and gray† ( 1496 ) face inside the shop. â€Å"outside the sunlight is skating about on the asphalt† ( 1496 ) . Sammy’s going to the parking batch represents his first measure into his hereafter. with the Sun polishing ; his farewell to the past. go forthing Lengel’s â€Å"dark gray† ( 1497 ) face and â€Å"stiff [ ing ] † ( 1497 ) back. Sammy’s surrender may non look like a practical pick ; on the other manus. it may take to a better hereafter. It surely requires moral bravery. Because Sammy’s present universe is unsatisfactory. he lives in an imagined 1. where he observes everyone else. If he quits. he can step into a better universe. 1 he has yet to conceive of. but one that may be brighter than the â€Å"dark gray† ( 1497 ) of Lengel’s face or the humdrum of Stokesie’s hereafter. Discontinuing represents his first measure out of his fanciful universe. What is left now is the practical universe which will coerce him to face world and may finally take him to happen felicity. nevertheless hard the way. Plants Cited Updike. John. â€Å"A A ; P. † The Norton Anthology Of Short Fiction. 7. Bausch. Richard. and R. V. Cassill. New York: W W Norton A ; Co Inc. 2006. Print.

Music history Analysis Essay Example For Students

Music history Analysis Essay Music Appreciation Text Questions Please complete the following questions. It is important that you use full sentences and present the questions and answers when you submit your work. Submit the work as a file attachment. This means you complete all work in a word processing document (e. G. , Microsoft Word) and attach the file using the dropped tool. Use the Unit 4: Text Questions dropped basket. The answers to the Review Critical Thinking questions are worth 10 points. Review Questions 1 . What were the three forms of English madrigals? Describe each type. 2. What were chorales? Why were they popular? 3. What is a consort? 4. Who was Gallinule Duffy? What contributions did he make to Renaissance music? 5. Who was William Byrd? What contributions did he make to Renaissance music? Critical Thinking Questions 1. How did music in the Renaissance differ from medieval music? 2. What were the effects of the printing press on music and composers? 3. If the Renaissance is thought to represent a rebirth or new birth, how is this reflected in the music of the Renaissance? 4. What was the role of music during the Renaissance? How was it used in society? 5. Many of the songs from ancient times through the Renaissance built on the melodies of previous songs. What were the advantages for composers of using a melody that had already been created? Discussion Questions Please post questions and answers on the UNIT FOUR discussion boards. Unless otherwise instructed, you should submit at least one full paragraph for each question. Each discussion assignment is worth 5 points.